Genetic
Engineering Technology - Golden Rice
Golden rice is the key to overcome
the deficiency of vitamin A due to its potentials toward bringing changes in
human bodies. Golden rice is produced through a scientific mutation called
genetic engineering (A physical process in which a gene from an organism is
removed and added in another organism to observe how that particular trait is expressed
in that organism). Actually, golden rice is mainly generated to complete the
deficiency of vitamin A in the parts of world where sources of vitamin A are
not very favourable. The invention of golden rice is originated from a type of
rice called Oryza sativa, which is not very difficult to mutate into other
forms of rice through genetic engineering. The main goal of scientists were to
produce golden rice to cover the shortage of beta – carotene (fundamental of
vitamin A), i.e. it is type of pigment, usually in red or orange colour. In the
creation of this rice, there were two genes involved to perform the
transformation of an ordinary Oryza sativa, which were called phytoene synthase
(psy) and carotene desaturase (crtl). Plants are able to produce these pigments
(Beta carotene) on their own located at the part of their leaves, where the
process of photosynthesis takes place, but the correct location is at the
endosperm (food storage). The plant component of rice cannot be eaten to get
the possible vitamin. The mechanism is actually inactivated in parts of grains,
which is the component that can be consumed by humans. Thus, these plants need
an external help to get transformed or start containing to provide high levels
of beta – carotene. In the further research and laboratory tests, scientists
find out that the golden rice favors the bioavailability of vitamin A under
natural conditions (grown in fields), rather than cultivated in the atmosphere
of greenhouse gases. There was an interesting experiment conducted by a group
of scientists as they decided to enhance the effects of golden rice by
conducting a similar gene implant as in the creation of golden rice 2. They
collaborated (psy) and (crtl) genes, which came from maize and the original
golden rice. This gene implant brought significant increase in the levels of
beta – carotene, approximately including 23 times extra vitamin A than the
original golden rice was obtained from it, after testing. It is one of the main
source to decrease the chances of getting the deficiency of vitamin A as there
are hundreds of complications related to this disease. Around the globe, there
are millions of people who are diagnosed with the deficiency of vitamin A and
suffer from permanent eye – blindness, night blindness, degradation of immune
functioning, and even death in severe cases. Thus, there have been a lot
discussion on this serious issue and many campaigns have been formed to tackle
against this preventable disorder.
This technology has many considerable
benefits, not only toward undeveloped countries, but also to bring relief in
developed countries as well. Golden rice has been showing great results in the areas
of world where only rice is mainly consumed as food. People living in these
areas are much likely to have a deficiency of vitamin A as do they not
have enough sources to compensate the necessary intake of vitamin A. Since,
scientists have upgraded Golden rice (Golden Rice 2) into a more effective
supplement to enhance its outcome, people in rural areas are encouraged to grow
golden rice, so that their dependency on ordinary rice could be transformed
into an intake of healthy supplements. Some of the statistics also state that
an average diet of golden rice is better than any of naturally beta – carotene vegetables.
Some of the drawbacks of this technology
are that when the golden rice is artificially produced, it is composed of
various toxins to resists itself from pests. These toxins are successful in
terms to protecting the rice from pests, however, it contaminates the rice
itself and leaks into the soil beneath it, causing high levels of acid in soil
and destroy healthy soil microbes for plant growth. One of the other cons is
that golden rice’s pollens have the capability of moving for a long distance and
it could pollinate other wild plants (same type) as their further generations
would fall under this contamination as well. Apart from plants, over dosage of
golden could cause increase in the levels of vitamin A, which would result to
hypervitaminosis A.
Beside some physical issues of
golden rice, it has to be considered ethically as well. Some people might
refuse to consume this type of rice as it genetically transformed with different
genes from wild plants and from a bacteria found in soil. People might get
negative health conditions due to the intake of this rice and might not recover
properly. Since, this technology has not been tested (applied) on animals, it
not safe for humans to considerate eating the golden rice. The use of golden
rice is also supporting the genetic alterations to normal organisms, which is
banned and could be misused.
In my opinion golden rice should be
encouraged in all parts of the world because people who are only dependent on
rice would get their appropriate consumption and others would be helped too. Some
organisations like Green Peace opposes this campaign due to some unrealistic
reasons, thus, they are protesting against this act. However, according to
statistics, golden rice has shown incredible results, especially in Asian
countries where malnutrition is higher. Therefore, golden rice must be compulsory
to be grown around the world, so that millions of people suffering from it
could survive and live a healthy life. (Should it be authorised to conduct
genetic modifications by inserting genes from various unknown sources in plants to overcome some sort of deficiency or disease?)
References:
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